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What Does Citizen Journalism Mean? Citizen journalism refers to the reporting of news events by members of the public using the Internet to spread the information. Citizen journalism can be a simple reporting of facts and news that is largely ignored by large media companies. It is easily spread through personal websites, blogs, microblogs, social media and so on. Some types of citizen journalism also act as a check on the reporting of larger news outlets by providing alternative analysis....

What Does Data Center Colocation Mean? Data center collocation is a process through which an organization can rent physical office space, network or Internet bandwidth and other resources within an existing data center to deploy its own data center. Techopedia Explains Data Center Colocation Data center collocation is primarily provided by data center or IT service providers.

What Does Digest Authentication Mean? Digest authentication is a method in which all requests for access from client devices are received by a network server and then sent to a domain controller. It is one of the standard methods used by a Web server to authenticate the credentials of a user agent or Web browser. Credentials are hashed or encrypted before being sent, ensuring they are never transmitted in clear text form....

What Does Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) Mean? Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) is an XML format used to specify security checklists, configuration documentation and benchmarks, and was intended to support interchange of information, organizational and situational tailoring, document generation, compliance scoring and compliance testing. It is used as a unified standard so that the above documents and configuration settings and files can be interchangeable, allowing for easy customization and replacement....

What Does Fixed Routing Mean? Fixed routing refers to router-provided networking services. These services use routers (devices used to link networks) fixed over a network link to provide different data paths for fast and reliable transmission. Fixed routing is not used for real-time processing.This term is also known as static routing. Techopedia Explains Fixed Routing Unlike dynamic routing, fixed routing is a static mechanism unrelated to real-time transmission. However, fixed routing’s primary responsibilities are to provide data routers, forward data packets to End Users and send acknowledgments to related nodes....

What Does Frequency Hopping - Code Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA) Mean? Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA) is a basic modulation technique used in spread spectrum signal transmission. FH-CDMA is the repetitive switching of frequency at the time of radio transmission. This helps to reduce the strength of electronic warfare, that is, the unauthorized jamming or interception of telecommunications. Spread spectrum allows a signal to be carried over a frequency band, which is considerably wider than the minimum bandwidth needed by the information signal....

What Does Gray Code Mean? Gray code evaluates the nature of binary code or data that is composed of on and off indicators, commonly represented by ones and zeros. Developed by Bell Labs scientists, gray code has been used to look at clarity and error correction in binary communications. Techopedia Explains Gray Code Essentially, gray code works to sophisticate and clarify binary results. Part of this process deals with the idea of physical switches for binary code; experts explain that physical switches may not synchronize exactly....

What Does Information Security Audit Mean? An information security audit occurs when a technology team conducts an organizational review to ensure that the correct and most up-to-date processes and infrastructure are being applied. An audit also includes a series of tests that guarantee that information security meets all expectations and requirements within an organization. During this process, employees are interviewed regarding security roles and other relevant details. Techopedia Explains Information Security Audit Every organization should perform routine security audits to ensure that data and assets are protected....

What Does Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Mean? Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for digital telephone connection and the transmission of voice and data over a digital line, and is a development of the plain old telephone service (POTS). These digital lines are commonly telephone lines and exchanges established by the government. They are used instead of the traditional circuits of the classic switched telephone network since they can integrate data and speech on the same line....

What Does Malicious Code Mean? Malicious code is code causing damage to a computer or system. It is code not easily or solely controlled through the use of anti-virus tools. Malicious code can either activate itself or be like a virus requiring a user to perform an action, such as clicking on something or opening an email attachment. Techopedia Explains Malicious Code Malicious code does not just affect one computer. It can also get into networks and spread....

What Does Material Requirements Planning (MRP) Mean? Material requirements planning (MRP) is a type of planning focused on the management of processes in manufacturing industries. MRP looks at the availability of materials for production and other related metrics. Techopedia Explains Material Requirements Planning (MRP) One aspect of material requirements planning is inventory control. This type of internal inventory handling is just one of a set of methodologies, tools and resources that corporate executives and other leaders use in order to balance the availability of resources with the necessity to maintain lean inventories and avoid overstocking....

What Does Measured Telephone Service (MTS) Mean? Measured telephone service (MTS) is a billing model where a telephone company charges for calls by the minute. The rate per minute differs from one company to another and may differ depending on the time of day. MTS is different from basic monthly service charge, which is charged based on use and is not constant, but rather is charged in addition to the rate per minute charge....

What Does Opt-In Email Mean? Opt-in email is bulk email that a consumer can choose to receive. It is a form of requested email based on consumer needs, hobbies or other special interests. Opt-in emails can be delivered through a website the consumer visits to shop for merchandise. The site may contain the option to receive future sales or product information. In this instance, the consumer provides their address to the website and requests emails about the specified content....

What Does Player Versus Player (PvP) Mean? Player versus player (PvP) refers to a game that is designed for gamers to compete against other gamers, rather than against the game’s artificial intelligence (AI). PvP games generally feature an AI that acts as a second player if the gamer plays solo. PvP games are the opposite of player versus environment (PvE) games, where the player contends largely with computer-controlled characters or situations....

What Does Remote Replication Mean? Techopedia Explains Remote Replication Remote replication is an essential part of data protection, providing a backup in case the primary site fails. Data is simply copied to other locations that may be simple data storage servers or fully capable secondary backup systems that kick in if the primary system fails. Traditionally, it is just application data that is backed up, but now it is possible to replicate entire virtual machines that act as application or Web servers....

What Does Surface-Mount Technology (SMT) Mean? Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a term for a relatively modern style of printed circuit board design. In SMT, instead of putting wire leads into holes drilled in the circuit board, components and elements are mounted directly onto the surface of the board. Techopedia Explains Surface-Mount Technology (SMT) Surface-mount technology replaces the “through-hole technology,” wherein components are mounted by linking up “leads” inserted into circuit board holes to pads on the opposite side of the board....

What Does Halting Problem Mean? The halting problem, commonly applied to Turing-complete programs and models, is the problem of finding out whether, with the given input, a program will halt at some time or continue to run indefinitely. The halting problem is an early example of a decision problem, and also a good example of the limits of determinism in computer science. Techopedia Explains Halting Problem In general, the halting problem is often used in an abstract capacity to explain why it may be impossible to decide whether a program will ever run indefinitely, or not....

This article contains Avengers: Endgame spoilers. We have a completely spoiler free review right here. Since the practice was first introduced in 2008 with Iron Man, where a surprised Tony Stark finds Nick Fury waiting for him in his office wanting to talk about something called “the Avenger initiative,” Marvel’s post credits scenes have been a staple, sometimes even a highlight, of their blockbuster assembly line. The practice proved so popular that the studio began inserting two scenes, a mid credits and a post credits scene....

What Does Thin Server Mean? A thin server refers to a computer that has enough computing resources to operate and provide some low level processes to other computers in a network. It enables providing network based tasks and processes in a client/server network architecture, which otherwise would have been performed by a standard server. Techopedia Explains Thin Server A thin server is primarily a computer within a network that has been configured to act as a server as well....

What Does Web Services Interoperability Technologies (WSIT) Mean? Web Services Interoperability Technologies (WSIT) is an open-source software platform developed by Java Web service engineers and Microsoft’s Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) (also known as Indigo) to ensure atomic transactions, security and reliable messaging interoperability. WSIT was previously known as Project Tango, and was developed as part of Java’s open source Glassfish Community. Techopedia Explains Web Services Interoperability Technologies (WSIT) Web Services Interoperability Technologies enterprise features are categorized as follows:...