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What Does Overlay Keyboard Mean? An overlay keyboard refers to the redefining of function of keys on a keyboard by customizing it within an operating system. This can be done by reconfiguring the functionality of each and every key of a keyboard or by installing software that helps in modification of the internal function of each keystroke. Transliteration is one such example, where a standard English keyboard can be used for typing a different language using a completely different character set....

What Does X.509 Certificate Mean? An X.509 certificate is any certificate under the X.509 specification standard for public key infrastructure and Privilege Management Infrastructure (PMI) proposed by the International Telegraph Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) in order to standardize formats for: Attribute certificates Public key certificates Certificate revocation lists Certification validation algorithms These certificates are used for identity validation and for transmission of encrypted data that only the owner (person, organization or software) of a specific certificate is able to decrypt and read....

What Does Backsourcing Mean? Backsourcing is the arduous process of termination or expiration of an IT outsourcing contract that initiates the process of re-establishing IT operations in-house. This process has direct costs of operational disruption and penalty fees associated with indirect costs of damaging an organization’s reputation and relationships with customers, employees, investors and corporate partners. This term is also known as, or mis-spelled as, back-sourcing or back sourcing. Techopedia Explains Backsourcing For establishing effective backsourcing process, it is essential to make sure that organizations continue to perform operations even though their outsourcing arrangements get failed....

What Does Coning Mean? Coning is a viral video prank that involves ordering a soft-serve ice cream cone from a drive-through and grabbing the cone by the ice cream - rather than the cone - when it is handed through the drive-through window. A camera is strategically placed in the prankster’s automobile so that the shot is of the driver and the drive-in employee who is handing him or her the cone....

What Does Custom Control Mean? Custom control is a control that is not included in the .NET framework library and is instead created by a third-party software vendor or a user. Custom control is a concept used while building both Windows Forms client and ASP.NET Web applications. Custom client controls are used in Windows Forms applications, while custom server controls are used in ASP.NET pages (Web forms). Using custom controls is easier in ....

What Does Error Control (EC) Mean? Error control is the technique of detecting and correcting blocks of data during communication. In other words, it checks the reliability of characters both at the bit level and packet level. If proper error control is in place, transmitted and received data is ensured to be identical, as in many cases communication channels can be highly unreliable. Techopedia Explains Error Control (EC) Data can be corrupted while in transmission....

What Does Fragmentation Mean? Fragmentation, in the context of a hard disk, is a condition in which the contents of a single file are stored in different locations on the disk rather than in a contiguous space. This results in inefficient use of storage space as well as occasional performance degradation. Users frequently create, modify, delete and save files. Back-end operating systems (OS) continuously store these files on hard drives, which inevitably creates scattered files....

What Does Illegal File Sharing Mean? Illegal file sharing is the process of sharing and distributing files illegally over a network or Internet. Techopedia Explains Illegal File Sharing Illegal file sharing is primarily done by “digital pirates.” They copy and upload proprietary material over the Internet for end-user viewing and download without the consent of the file owner. The shared file can be anything from a document, image, music or movie to software....

What Does Infonomics Mean? Infonomics is an enterprise management and organization concept that calls for valuating and accounting for data/information as an asset, similar to other enterprise assets. It considers data assets on the same terms as other organizational assets such as physical, human, financial and capital. Techopedia Explains Infonomics Infonomics enables in building infocentric organizations that curate, manage and prioritize data and information as an organizational asset. This requires formally accepting, recognizing, valuating and managing data as a business asset....

What Does Intentional Software Mean? Intentional software is a concept by which application functions are rendered to simulate the way a computer will manipulate an application. To determine whether the intentional software process has succeeded, the intention of the developer must be compared with what the application functions actually do.Charles Simonyi is credited with the idea for intentional software during his work at Microsoft. Techopedia Explains Intentional Software Intentional software starts by defining the ultimate goal of each function of the application, using the “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) concept....

What Does IT Management Service Mean? IT management service refers to an ongoing service that manages and oversees the IT infrastructure of an organization responsible for network and data communication operations. It is a broad term that encompasses all the IT-central technological, management and operational guidelines, policies and procedures performed by a service provider. Techopedia Explains IT Management Service IT management services are primarily used for managing the network environment of an organization and are typically delivered by a third party or external IT service provider under a formal contract or service agreement....

What Does Noise Figure (NF) Mean? Noise figure is a metric used to indicate the quality of amplifiers. It is the decibel representation of the noise factor that determines the sensitivity of the amplifier is decreased to an incoming signal due to its internal noise. It is defined as the ratio of total output noise power to the output noise due to the input source. Noise figure indicates the noise performance of a radio frequency (RF) system....

What Does Server Redundancy Mean? Server redundancy refers to the amount and intensity of backup, failover or redundant servers in a computing environment. It defines the ability of a computing infrastructure to provide additional servers that may be deployed on runtime for backup, load balancing or temporarily halting a primary server for maintenance purposes. Techopedia Explains Server Redundancy Server redundancy is implemented in an enterprise IT infrastructure where server availability is of paramount importance....

What Does Spoofing Mean? Spoofing, in general, is a fraudulent or malicious practice in which communication is sent from an unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver. Spoofing is most prevalent in communication mechanisms that lack a high level of security. Techopedia Explains Spoofing Email spoofing is one of the best known spoofs. Since core SMTP fails to offer authentication, it is simple to forge and impersonate emails....

What Does System-Level Security Mean? System-level security refers to the architecture, policy and processes that ensure data and system security on individual computer systems. It facilitates the security of standalone and/or network computer systems/servers from events and processes that can exploit or violate its security or stature. Techopedia Explains System-Level Security System-level security is part of a multi-layered security approach in which information security (IS) is implemented on an IT infrastructure’s different components, layers or levels....

If you’re an anime fan, you’d be hard-pressed to watch this ever-expanding medium and not have seen at least one mecha anime. This genre is all about big robots and action: two things that almost everyone can agree on that results in some pretty cool storylines and combat. With that in mind, you might be wondering: what is the best mecha anime? Here is everything you need to know. The Best Mecha Anime While this answer may be different for some people, the general consensus tends to be that the best mecha anime of all time is Neon Genesis Evangelion....

What Does Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) Mean? The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a nonprofit, self-regulatory entity that assigns ratings to electronic entertainment products (primarily games and apps). These ratings are supposed to give consumers a general sense of the nature of the content within the games/apps, particularly whether or not it contains any offensive or otherwise objectionable material. Techopedia Explains Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) In the early 1990s, video games became increasingly violent and controversial....

What Does National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) Mean? Techopedia Explains National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) The CCEVS is responsible for looking at security evaluations conducted by the Common Criteria Testing Laboratories (CCTLs), which are approved by CCEVS, and issuing common criteria certificates for those products. When an IT product receives the certificate and the validation report accompanying it, this indicates the product received an evaluation at a laboratory accredited using the common evaluation methodology to conform to the common criteria....

What Does Three-Tier Application Mean? A three-tier application is a specific type of n-tier architecture. In the case of three-tier architecture, the tiers are as follows: Techopedia Explains Three-Tier Application N-tier denotes a software engineering concept used for the design and implementation of software systems using client/server architecture divided into multiple tiers. This decouples design and implementation complexity, thus allowing for the scalability of the deployed system. In a three-tier application, the user interaction is managed by the presentation tier, which provides an easy-to-operate front end....

What Does Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) Mean? The Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) is a penalty for non-adherence to Usenet anti-spam standards. This penalty is considered the final straw for ISPs or individual users who have received serious prior warnings. Techopedia Explains Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) This term is somewhat dated given the relative decline in popularity of Usenet. In the early 90s this was a major issue as Usenet users got together in order to get the attention of unresponsive ISPs....